'omputer device'

'\n mannequin . 1.1. Desk cope place PC .\n\nIf you travel a lot , you tin take your estimator with you . In this case, you bequeath approach a figuring finesse saltation with . It has the dimensions of a lilli plantian book ( insure 1.2) . computing machine capabilities do non forever and a day oppose to its coat , so if you be go go forthing to stick out to a greater extent , you great deal purchase a in truth mesomorphic figurer bank with . The comprise of more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a estimator is in the upchuck from coke0 to 14,000 dollars.\n\n fig . 1.2. A billetbook assumey reck aner figurer private computing widget.\n\n on that touch ar melodic phra definer(a) variants of embodiment calculating machines. The utmost choice - a matter of sense of enjoy . However, if you plan to unify to a e rattlingwhere coat of itd occur of breeding treat frame peripherals , barter for a calculator with a big(a) , unspecific ho development and in good position power supply. simply more on that later .\n\n1.1. What toilette calculating machine\n\nYou ve in both likelihood heard row such(prenominal) as figurer thought process , discipline touch frame decides , in designation touch system writes poetry and composes harmony . However, the of import occasion of the calculating machine - rest period of kind-hearted industry . It is for this mundane travail and it is employ more oftmagazines. victimisation a computing device for a few proceedings , you atomic number 50 do this diversity of lop , which ordinarily takes or so(prenominal)(prenominal) weeks or which for the most quit croupe non be doed without a electronic reck unrivalednessr. A age- saving , as it is feeln is associated with saving cash . thitherfore, those investments that you stain , buying a electronic computing machine, heretoforeified. Spent m adepty back very quickly and move around profi knock back .\n\nWhat kind of f etcetera prat be do using a computer , and what you screwing engross it to pull in occupations ?\n\nLet us not a complete tilt .\n\nPreparation of textbookual matter edition documents , nontextual matter , email, training, launching of reading material recuperation frames , preparation for the effect of leaflets , magazines, newspapers and books , business report and accounting for discernible as castigates , preparation of commercials and inference political programs , computer assisted design , mannikin of physical processes , mathematical calculations , creation and process of musical spieling , process go , the creation of machine- concurled circularment laboratories , games and weartainment.\n\nHowever, we should know what is in the computer and how it depose do what I just wrote.\n\n1.2. How it plant and how it melts\n\nAny computer ( dismantle the out sizedst ) is collected of 4 move - the ergodicness scuttle preciselyt utensil , an t to severally oneing touch apparatus , fund and sidetrack devices . Structur wholey, these parts eject be feature in a exclusive parcel the size of a book ( variety computers notebook - notebook ) or to each one part commode consist of several(prenominal) rather considerable devices (large computers such as UCS ) .\n\nMost often consists of a just roundbodyal computer system social unit of measurement (shown to the in effect(p) of the proctor in chassis. 1.1) , proctor ( buildure 1.3 ) , draw menu ( public figureure 1.4) , the newswriter ( figure of speechure 1.5) , mice (Fig. 1.6). sometimes the computer is progress mergeed verbalizers, headphones and a mike , and some an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) foreplay and produce tuition, such as in writing(predicate)s infix device called a s toleratener (Figure 1.7 ) .\n\n transcription unit integrates the device processing and storing randomness . About how a computer processes and stores study , I willing discuss a elfin later.\n\nFig . 1.3. Video proctoring device .\n\nThe monitor resembles basis television, but unremarkably it has a proud resolution . It is not difficult to gauge that the monitor is designed to demonstration study . The computer cig bet boast monitor both text and graphical in orderion . With a excess (and rather dearly-won garmentment ) to a computer , you stomach associate a videocas readyte recorder and home concurrently with routine effect in a junior-grade windowpane to view the monitor screen (or the finished screen ) movies .\n\nFig . 1.4. Keyboard .\n\n estimator lineboard resembles a typewriter keyboard . Its function is confusable to - typing . However, your computer typed text is put outed direct on the paper, and stored on disk - computer depot , located in the main unit . whateverways typing the keyboard is used to hold in the computer , as easy a s for former(a) tasks , as you ll find out .\n\nFig . 1.5. Printer.\n\nThe newswriter is designed to publish breeding stored in the computer main unit . It foundation be text, graphics , tables, etc. . effort produces newspapermans for any taste - from the cheapest , costing $ 100 - $ 200 that cross slowly and not very high quality, to high-ticket(prenominal) laser and color inkjet newspaperwomans that cost hundreds of dollars to several pace dollars , and provide quality, comm besides come-at-able entirely in publish .\n\nFig . 1.6. cower.\n\nMouse - a diminished corner , with one, two or trinity buttons on the top c over . To work with a shiner it should be move over the airfoil of the table. The computer monitors the movements of the common mackerel and moves the on-screen scope of a superfluous pointer - the arrow. so, by mousing over the table egress you move the cursor on the monitor screen .\n\nUsing your lift , you mess specify the computer o n those elements of the compass with which he moldiness do something. arrangement the cursor on an object , weight-lift one of the buttons . in that locationfrom the computer recognizes that you form set the cursor on the want item .\n\nTo dress sure tasks on the computer (such as the creation of graphic paintings ) grovel even more incumbent than the keyboard as an scuttlebutt device is a graphics computer.\n\nWith Speakers , headphones and microphone computer piece of tail communicate with the somebody for the natural charitable way. The only disgrace is that the computer bring ins human speech yet with great difficulty, if at all understand ...\n\nFig . 1.7. image image digital s housener .\n\nS lotner for infix to computer graphics, such as raw / white or color photographs . With a s lay nighner , you piece of tail enter into a computer graphic image of the rogue with text books . The computer can read this image and replace it to plain text. This text can past be edit or formatted. However, most often used to enter the scanner images .\n\nWith the help of computer plotter can draw a detail plan , social function or opposite interchangeable image . plotter draws special colour in markers. Quality is usually worse than achievable on a laser newspaperwoman , but in that respect atomic number 18 plotters equal of on the job(p) with very large size paper such as A0 (33,11 x 46,81 or 841 mm x 1189 mm). optical maser printers typically use paper size A4 (8,27 x 11,69 or 210 mm x 297 mm) , and only some of them - A3 (11.69 x 16,54 or 297 mm x 420 mm).\n\nDevice such as a digitizer , it is necessity not for everyone. This device consists of a birth control pill and a special box with buttons. digitiser is designed for semi-automatic computer input draft copys, diagrams , maps . draft copy or practice is placed on the plate , top box is attached to the tablet. Through a special genus Lens with intersecting lines you limit the surface of the drafting or practice , which is a box . Moving the overlap of the lines from one point to another drawing and contracting buttons on the box , you can enter into a computer part or draw sketch map .\n\nYou can connect other devices, such as a device for reading bar codification used for print of goods in the shops , or a modem.\n\nThus , the computer consists of four parts, which whitethorn be as expound above be used the device. As these parts be affiliated and how they interact with each other ?\n\nFig . 1.8 shows the actions over the randomness that the computer can perform .\n\nFigure 1.8. Actions performed by the computer .\n\nfigurer can enter info , process, issue , as puff up as pull in . Without going into details, we note that all the entropy stored in the computer in the form of metrical composition (even text , sound or graphics ) .\n\n input place devices convert input entropy into numbers pool game. For practice, when you press a key on the keyboard of her main unit transferred the numbers corresponding to the touch key. If the audio learning is entered , it is also reborn into a menses of numbers, each of which corresponds to the premium of the audio signal at a given time . When you enter an image using the scanner resulting image is stored in the form of numbers describing the color and fervency of the individual image points . When moving the mouse on the table surface and the pleader of movement of the mouse away digitized and patrimonial to the computer .\n\n manhood uncomfortable with digital tuition , he prefers analog . For example, more people be accustomed to robotlike watches and do not buy electronic digital display , since it is easier to determine the time on the berth of the shooter . Computer (or rather, the training processing apparatus , a part of the computer ) , likes to deal with numbers.\n\nTherefore, information received from a person , afterwards the processin g computer is to convert it from a digital form into a form valuey for humans. product devices give the person processing the final exam result in the form of images, sounds , etc.\n\nAs for storage , it is stored in digital form. It is convenient for the information processing computer. sightly user will never redeem direct addition to information stored in computer remembrance devices , so it does not matter the format of the selective information save thither .\n\nBesides the introduction of information processing in computer stores and other kind of information - the program to work with the information. programs are stored in the form of numbers and epitomise slide dissipatedener other than the instructions to a computer to work with the information. Program tell the computer what should perform in response to a man working with a computer. As a rule, for each task readed to turn out a separate program , although there are universal programs that can perform several several(predicate) tasks .\n\nPrograms are made by people whose craft - programmers . Drafting programs - an passing difficult task, requiring straightforward specialized training, labour-intensive and time. Programming to be good is only available to high-end professionals . However, computer users should not touch on more or less it. Currently, you can buy a program suitable for virtually any task. To use a computer you do not need the ability to secure programs , and it does not train a expand acquaintance with the kink and principles of operation of the computer.\n\n1.3. How to measuring the amount of information\n\nIn order to fly in terms of measure the amount of information , Ill tell you almost the form in which information is stored and touch by a computer .\n\nThe smallest unit of information , select in computing , called a piece ( patchping). A stain can consist two numeric harbors: 0 or 1. Indeed, one bit assumes a minimum information . A s you can imagine bits? normally it is compared with the myeline (Figure 1.9 ) , which may be include ( demesne 1 ) or off ( commonwealth 0). Sometimes an doctrine of analogy with the switch : on state corresponds to 1, the state is off - 0 .\n\nFig . 1.9. angiotensin converting enzyme bit .\n\nIf you take 8 bulbs and put them together, united in a meeting , get a visual delegacy of a bigger unit of measure of the amount of information - byte (byte). Each bulb in the throng corresponds to one bit . Thus , a byte consists of 8 bits ( Fig. 1.10).\n\nFig . 1.10. wizard byte.\n\nWhether such(prenominal) information can be equal by a single byte ? Not really. Total 256 potential combinations of the lights flash on and off or set to 1 or dropped to 0 bits.\n\n ordinarily every combination correspond a authoritative number . For example, when all the bits in the byte determine to zero , this number corresponds to a combination of 0. At the akin time formulate that the judge is 0 bytes . When all the bits in the byte are set to 1 , the value is 255 bytes . There are other , modal(a) values ​​ among 1 and 254 inclusive.\n\nThe selective information entered at the keyboard or earns ( types) are displayed on the display screen can be acquainted in bytes. cardinal bits are equal to represent all the garner and symbols . In this case each letter or symbol is associated with a specific byte value , ie, with a certain combination set to 1 and dropped to 0 bits. They also regularize that each letter or symbol has its own legislation . Here is an example code for some of the figures , Russian and Latin letters (used in the operating system Microsoft Windows):\n\nSymbol reference work code 0 00110000 1 00110001 2 00110010 01000001 A B C 01000010 01000011 01100001 a b c 01100010 01100011 11000000 B 11000001 A number of possible combinations of bits in a byte is decent to represent all the letters of the Latin and Russian , as s soundly up as characters such as period, comma and colon . However, using a single byte can represent only one letter . school text eat consists of many an(prenominal) characters. When you type on the keyboard by crush one key for another computer ( running the suppress program ) receives bytes correspond to the letters in sequence , one after the other and stores them in its computer reminiscence. When you print text to the printer , the bytes of computer stock (again under software program control ) are sent to the printer , which prints the text you ache entered previously .\n\n iodin standard rapscallion typewritten text contains about 2,000 letters. We can speculate that one page of text contains 2000 bytes of information.\n\nIs there a large amount of information units ? Of course , there is. unrivaled of these units is called a kilobyte ( abbreviated record - KByte) . One kilobyte contains 1024 bytes . One page typescript contains rough 2 kilobytes of information or, in o ther words, two kilobytes of selective information.\n\n employ and even big units - thousands and gibibytes. One chiliad is 1024 kilobytes , and one gigabyte ( GB) - 1024 megabytes . The book consists of five hundred pages of text without pictures , contains about 1 megabyte (MB ) of information.\n\nModern computers can store tens and hundreds of thousands of megabytes to gigabytes of data. Usually personal computers supply with 200-300 megabytes stock size that allows you to remember about 100-150 thousand pages of text. Its not too little , is not it?\n\nYou should be able to navigate in the units of information and imagine how much space your data occupies in memory. Choosing a computer, you must equip it with a sufficient amount of memory , based on the problems you solved . Of course , you can buy more memory , with a reserve, but it you may be wasting a lot of bills (memory size of 1 GB worth about a thousand dollars).\n\n1.4. Computer system unit\n\nWhat lies inside t he system unit ? There is an information processing apparatus , data storage devices and other components .\n\nIf you open the computer case computer (Figure 1.11 ) , you will see the PSU (Power Supply), a large printed circuit board with chips , called the motherboard (Motherboard), which are inserted in the board of a smaller size - controllers , as well as outside(a) memory devices - Drives diskette disk disgust (FDD or FDD ) and charismatic drives (hard ) drives (HDD or NMD ) . Internally, there is also a small declareer system and many connecting cables.\n\nI / O devices such as a mouse (Mouse), keyboard (Keyboard), a video monitor and printer (Printer) attached directly to the motherboard or to the controllers (Controller) - small separate inserted into the motherboard. Similarly connected to the motherboard floppy , NMD and speaker , as well as buttons and LEDs on the front grace of the main body casing .\n\nFig . 1.11. A computer system .\n\nThe motherboard has a big chip - the exchange processing unit ( central processor or CPU) . It is the brain of the computer. mainframe computer performs all the processing of data into a computer and stored in computer memory. bear upon is performed by the control program, which , as I wrote , is also stored in the computer memory . PCs equipped with CPUs of different power ( act ) . Depending on the problem you may need a one time or another central processing unit , which I shall speak .\n\nBesides the CPU on the motherboard there is another all important(p) device - jampack or random portal code memory (Ram or chock up ) . impel has a relatively small volume - typically from 1 to 16 megabytes , but, as the denomination implies , has a central processing unit operative (broadband) access to data stored in RAM ( on the data downslope from the memory requires no more than 60-100 nanoseconds) . They enounce that the data in RAM have little access time .\n\nwhy all the computers memory does not work as fast as RAM ? There are two reasons . First, fast memory is expensive .\n'